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The Hijri era () is the calendar era used to record dates in the Islamic world.. Its epoch (start point of the era) is the year in which Muhammad and his followers migrated from Mecca to Yathrib (now Medina), in . This event, known as the Hijrah, is commemorated in Islam for its role in the founding of the first Muslim community ( ummah). Time in this era is measured by two principal calendars: the lunar Hijri calendar (known in the West as the "Islamic calendar") which counts since the Hijrah and which is used by most Muslims around the world; and the solar Hijri calendar (also known as the "Persian calendar") which counts since the Hijrah and which is used in Iran.
In the West, dates in the lunar Hijri calendar are denoted as AH ( or Hijri year (, ) in the style of the Anno Domini/Common Era (AD/CE) and Anno Mundi (AM) and can similarly be placed before (preferably) or after the date. In Muslim world, it is also commonly abbreviated H ("Hijra") from its Arabic abbreviation (). Years prior to AH 1 are reckoned in English as BH ("Before the Hijra"), which follows the date.. Dates in the solar Hijri calendar are denoted as SH. The current year according to the lunar Hijri calendar is ; according to the solar Hijri calendar the current year is . The difference in numbering arises because a lunar year is about eleven days shorter than a solar year.
A year in a lunar calendar consists of twelve and has only 354 or 355 days in its year. Consequently, its New Year's Day occurs ten days earlier each year relative to the Gregorian calendar. The year 2025 CE corresponds to the Islamic years AH – ; AH1447 corresponds to 20252026 in the Common Era. The solar Hijri calendar corresponds closely with the Gregorian calendar but its year begins on the March equinox rather than on 1January.
The date of the Hijrah itself did not form the Islamic New Year. Instead, the system continues the earlier ordering of the months, with the Hijrah occurring around the 8th day of Rabi al-Awwal, 66 days into the first year.
In Shia Islam, the calendar year is entirely determined by solar observation or calculation. Each year begins on the northward equinox.
AH = 1.030684 × (CE − 621.5643)
CE = 0.970229 × AH + 621.5643
or
AH = (CE − 622) ×
CE = AH × + 622
Given that the (lunar) Islamic New Year does not begin January 1 and that a Hijri calendar year is about 11 days shorter than a Gregorian calendar year, there is no direct correspondence between years of the two eras. A given Hijri year will usually fall in two successive Gregorian years. A CE year will always overlap two or occasionally three successive Hijri years. For example, the year 2008 CE maps to the last week of AH 1428, all of 1429, and the first few days of 1430. Similarly, the year 1976 CE corresponded with the last few days of AH 1395, all of 1396, and the first week of 1397.
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